In this era of transformation and rapid technological evolution, the landscape of human resource management has become increasingly dynamic and complex. The Industrial Era 4.0 and Society 5.0 have ushered in unprecedented changes, demanding adaptability, innovation, and resilience from both organizations and individuals. This book, Human Resource Management: Challenges of the Industrial Era 4.0 and Society 5.0, aims to offer comprehensive insights into the evolving roles and strategies of human resource management in navigating these challenges.

The concept of motivation plays a central role in shaping and driving individual behavior in various contexts, including in public service. Motivation essentially refers to the internal and external drives that lead and sustain a person’s behavior in achieving certain goals or satisfactions (McLeod, 2018). In the context of public service, the concept of motivation becomes a key factor that has a significant impact on how government employees carry out their duties and provide services to the public.